Having a harsh, severe, or critical quality; causing contraction of body tissues (in medical contexts). Can describe both physical substances that tighten skin and harsh, unforgiving criticism or attitudes.
From Latin 'astringere' meaning 'to bind fast' or 'draw together,' combining 'ad-' (to) and 'stringere' (to bind tight). The word evolved from describing physical tightening effects to metaphorical harshness in tone or criticism.
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