The process of establishing a reference point or starting measurement against which future performance, progress, or changes can be compared. It involves documenting current state conditions to enable accurate assessment of improvements or deviations over time.
From 'baseline,' combining 'base' from Greek 'basis' (foundation) with 'line' from Latin 'linea.' The management usage emerged in project management and quality control in the 1960s-70s, extending from engineering and scientific measurement practices.
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