A cool giant star with more carbon than oxygen in its atmosphere, giving it a distinctive red color and allowing carbon-based molecules to form in its outer layers. These stars represent an advanced stage of stellar evolution where carbon produced by helium fusion has been dredged up to the surface.
The term emerged in the early 20th century when spectroscopic analysis revealed strong carbon absorption bands in certain red stars. The classification evolved as astronomers understood the stellar nucleosynthesis processes that create carbon in stellar interiors through the triple-alpha process.
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