The process of distinguishing between two or more conditions that share similar signs or symptoms. It involves systematically considering and ruling out various possible diagnoses to arrive at the most likely explanation for a patient's presentation.
From Latin 'differentialis' meaning 'showing a difference' and Greek 'diagnosis' meaning 'discernment' or 'distinguishing.' The concept emerged in the 19th century as medical knowledge expanded and doctors needed systematic ways to distinguish between similar diseases.
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