The cash generated by a company's operations after accounting for capital expenditures needed to maintain or expand its asset base. It represents the cash available for debt repayment, dividends, share buybacks, or strategic investments without compromising the business.
The concept was popularized by Warren Buffett and other value investors in the 1980s, though the underlying principle existed earlier. The 'free' designation indicates cash that is liberated from operational and capital requirements, available for discretionary use by management or return to shareholders.
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