A supreme tribal chief or the principal leader of a phyle (a political subdivision in ancient Athens based on ancestry).
From 'arch-' (chief) plus 'phylarch' (from Greek 'phylarkhes,' leader of a phyle). A 'phyle' was a division of Athenian citizens organized by family lineages.
In Athens, society was divided into phyles (like family super-clans), and the archphylarch was basically the head honcho of that entire ancestral group—imagine being the boss of your entire extended family clan!
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