A surveyor or land measurer, especially one who used the arpent system in French-speaking regions.
From French arpenteur (from arpent + -eur, suffix for agent noun). The term referred to professionals trained in measuring land according to the arpent system, particularly important in colonial French America.
Arpenteurs were crucial figures in colonial history—they didn't just measure land, they literally shaped how cities and settlements would be laid out for centuries, which is why some old French-colonial towns still have that distinctive long-lot pattern today.
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