A data structure that stores multiple values of the same type in a sequential, ordered collection, where each element can be accessed using an index number. Arrays provide efficient storage and retrieval of related data items.
From Old French 'areer' meaning 'to arrange' or 'to put in order.' Military usage described troops arranged in formation. Computing adopted the term in the 1940s to describe data arranged in ordered sequences, maintaining the concept of systematic organization.
Arrays are like apartment buildings where each unit has a numbered address (index) - you can quickly find apartment #5 without checking every door. The genius is that all apartments are identical in structure, just like array elements are the same data type!
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