A soldier skilled in the use of the bayonet, or someone who practices bayonet fighting.
From 'bayonet' with the French-derived suffix '-eer' (similar to 'auctioneer' or 'profiteer'), indicating someone who specializes in or practices something. The term emerged in military contexts during the 18th-19th centuries.
The term 'bayoneteer' is so specific to military history that it's barely used today—but it reflects an era when bayonet drill was a crucial skill taught to every soldier, with entire military manuals devoted to bayonet techniques and formations.
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