Heated to a very high temperature until the substance turns to ash or powder, often used in chemistry and metallurgy.
From Latin 'calcinare' (to burn to lime), derived from 'calx' (limestone, heel). The -ed suffix makes it past tense/adjective. The term evolved from ancient lime-burning practices.
Calcining is how ancient peoples made quicklime for cement—they'd heat limestone in kilns, and this same process is still used today to refine metals and ceramics. It's literally chemistry that built civilizations.
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