The formal hierarchy of authority and responsibility within an organization, defining who reports to whom and how decisions and communications flow up and down the organizational structure. It establishes clear lines of accountability and control.
Military term from the 18th century, literally referring to the linked chain of command authority from generals to privates. Adopted by business in the early 20th century as organizations became more structured and hierarchical.
While chain-of-command provides clarity and order, rigid adherence can slow decision-making and innovation. Modern organizations often create 'skip-level' meetings and cross-functional teams that deliberately break the chain when speed and collaboration matter more than hierarchy.
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