Able to be described, identified, or defined by particular characteristics or qualities.
From 'character' (from Greek 'charassein,' to engrave or mark) plus '-izable' (able to be made or become). The suffix indicates capacity or possibility.
The fact that we need the word 'characterizable' shows how hard it is to really describe things—some quantum particles literally cannot be characterized until you measure them, breaking the idea that things have fixed characteristics.
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