Relating to cognition; involving the mental processes of knowing, thinking, and understanding.
From cognition (the mental act of knowing) plus the suffix -al (relating to). Cognition itself comes from Latin cognoscere (to know). This adjective is less common than 'cognitive.'
Psychologists and philosophers might use 'cognitional' to sound slightly more formal than 'cognitive,' but they mean essentially the same thing—it's a great example of how English often has multiple adjective forms for the same concept!
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