A specialist or expert in the study of skulls, skull measurements, and their relationships to intelligence, character, or ancestry.
From Greek 'kranion' (skull) + '-ologist' (one who studies). This occupational term flourished in the 19th century for both legitimate anthropologists and phrenological practitioners.
Craniologists included both genuine scientists measuring skulls to understand human migration and fraudsters measuring to justify racial pseudoscience—the same title, wildly different credibility depending on methods and bias.
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