The scientific study of skulls, including their anatomy, measurements, variations, and relationships to evolution, population differences, or (historically) personality.
From Greek 'kranion' (skull) + '-logy' (study of). Craniology emerged as a systematic discipline in the early 19th century, combining legitimate anatomy with phrenology's pseudoscientific claims.
Craniology's history is troubling: legitimate skull anthropology revealed real human migration patterns and evolution, but the same measurements were weaponized to rank races—showing how data without ethics becomes ideology.
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