The art of writing or solving codes — the science of keeping secrets from everyone except the intended recipient.
From Greek kryptos (hidden) + graphein (to write). Julius Caesar used a simple cipher (shifting letters). Today's encryption protects trillions of dollars using mathematics that even quantum computers struggle to crack.
Julius Caesar encrypted his messages by shifting each letter three positions. Two thousand years later, we encrypt the entire internet using prime numbers so large that all the computers on Earth working together could not factor them. The art of secrecy scaled with civilization.
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