A displacement or disruption, especially when a joint is pushed out of its normal position, or when something is moved from its usual place.
From Latin 'dislocare' (dis- meaning apart + locare meaning to place). The medical sense emerged in the 1500s, while the broader sense of displacement or disruption came later as people applied the physical concept to social and economic situations.
Dislocation is why a dislocated shoulder is so serious—the bone literally moves away from where it should be—and that's why historians use the same word for when entire populations get forced from their homes, connecting a personal injury to historical trauma through one powerful word.
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