An archaic form of the verb 'does,' used in old English texts and poetry to mean 'does do' or 'performs.'
From Old English 'dōth,' the third person singular present tense of 'do.' The '-eth' ending was standard in Early Modern English but fell out of use by the 1700s as language evolved.
Shakespeare used 'doth' constantly—it's the sound of 1600s English. Today when you see 'he doth protest,' you're reading English from when people actually spoke this way, making Shakespeare feel like reading texts in a foreign language.
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