A training program or position where someone learns a profession (especially law, medicine, or other fields) by working at an external institution during the day while not being a full resident or employee.
From extern + -ship (Old English suffix creating nouns denoting position, office, or status). Parallel construction to 'internship' but indicating external rather than internal training.
Law students often do externships at courts and firms during their education, giving judges and partners a low-cost way to evaluate talent before offering jobs—it's a probationary relationship that benefits everyone.
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