A simple, one-dimensional character defined by a single trait or function who remains unchanged throughout the narrative. Flat characters serve specific plot purposes without psychological complexity or development.
Also coined by E.M. Forster in 'Aspects of the Novel' (1927) as the counterpart to round characters. The term 'flat' suggests lacking depth or dimension, like a two-dimensional drawing compared to a three-dimensional sculpture.
Flat characters aren't necessarily bad—they're tools! Dickens was famous for brilliant flat characters like Scrooge (before his transformation) or Mrs. Micawber, who never changes but serves crucial narrative functions. The key is using them intentionally: flat characters can provide consistency, comic relief, or clear opposition without distracting from the main character's development.
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