structures built to defend against attack, like walls, towers, and ditches around a city or military position.
From Latin 'fortis' (strong) and 'facere' (to make), meaning 'to make strong.' The term evolved through Old French 'fortifier' and Medieval Latin as military architecture became increasingly important.
Medieval castles look cool, but the most effective fortification might actually be Hadrian's Wall in Scotland—a 73-mile barrier that Roman engineers built, and it still affects Scottish identity 2,000 years later!
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