The political ideology, principles, or practices of the Guelph faction in medieval Italy; support for papal authority over imperial power.
From 'Guelph' + the suffix '-ism,' creating a noun that refers to a political ideology or system of beliefs associated with the Guelph faction.
Adding '-ism' to a faction name creates an abstract ideology—'Guelphism' transforms a group of medieval Italian nobles into a whole political philosophy, which is how we turn proper nouns into ideas.
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