Any disease or disorder caused by abnormal structure or function of hemoglobin, such as sickle cell disease or thalassemia.
From 'hemoglobin' + Greek 'pathos' (disease/suffering). Emerged as a medical term in the mid-20th century when scientists discovered genetic variations in hemoglobin structure, broadening understanding of inherited blood diseases.
Sickle cell disease is a hemoglobinopathy where one tiny amino acid difference in hemoglobin makes red blood cells twist into crescent shapes that jam blood vessels—one letter wrong in your genetic code cascades into a serious illness affecting millions.
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