In Jewish tradition, a form of excommunication or religious ban where a person is excluded from the community and their social participation is restricted.
From Hebrew 'herem' (separation/ban), used in Jewish law since biblical times. The term appears in rabbinical texts describing religious punishment and community enforcement.
The Jewish 'herem' was so serious that in some communities, people couldn't even do business with the banned person—it was like being erased from society while still being physically present!
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