Plural of justice, referring to judges, especially those serving on high courts like the Supreme Court. Also refers to the concept of fairness and moral rightness in multiple contexts.
From Old French 'justice', from Latin 'justitia' meaning 'righteousness, equity', derived from 'justus' meaning 'just'. The word evolved from abstract concept to concrete role as legal systems developed.
The blindfolded figure of Justice holding scales represents the ideal that justice should be impartial, but the human 'justices' who interpret law inevitably bring their perspectives to the bench. This tension between ideal impartiality and human judgment defines much of legal philosophy.
Judicial systems historically excluded women from courts and legal authority. Women could not practice law or serve as judges in most countries until the 20th century; early female justices (like Sandra Day O'Connor in 1981) were exceptional.
Use gender-inclusive language: 'justices and judges' or 'judicial officers.' When referencing judicial figures, use actual names/titles rather than defaulting to masculine pronouns.
["judicial officers","judges"]
Pioneering female justices globally (Cecile Noel in Switzerland 1962, Elena Garro de Rodríguez in Colombia) fought structural barriers; their minority status reflects exclusion, not capability.
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