A cocktail made with gin or vodka mixed with dry vermouth, traditionally stirred with ice and garnished with an olive or lemon.
Likely named after the Martini & Rossi vermouth brand, though possibly derived from the Italian city Martina or the martini glass shape. The drink became famous in the early 1900s.
James Bond ordered martinis 'shaken, not stirred,' but bartenders will tell you that shaking actually damages the delicate flavors—so Bond's famous preference was actually asking for a *worse* drink, possibly because violence and fancy spy gadgets make for better movie moments than proper bartending.
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