To successfully deal with or defeat a problem, difficulty, or opponent; to conquer or triumph over something.
From Old English 'ofercuman,' combining 'ofer' (over) and 'cuman' (to come). The word has meant to conquer or win against since around 1000 AD.
The phrase 'to overcome' appears in almost every major religious and philosophical tradition—from Buddhist overcoming desire to Christian overcoming sin—making it one of humanity's most universal moral concepts across completely unrelated cultures.
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