At a right angle (90 degrees) to a given line, plane, or surface; exactly upright or vertical. In geometry, describes lines or planes that intersect at right angles.
From Latin 'perpendicularis', composed of 'per-' (through) and 'pendere' (to hang), literally meaning 'hanging straight down'. The concept relates to a plumb line hanging under gravity.
The perpendicular style became a defining feature of late Gothic architecture in England, characterized by vertical lines and rectangular panels. This geometric precision was revolutionary for its time, allowing builders to create incredibly tall, stable structures.
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