The cognitive process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues through systematic analysis and creative thinking.
While humans have always solved problems, the formal study began with early psychology and mathematics in the late 1800s. The term became prominent in education and business contexts during the mid-20th century, influenced by computer science and systems thinking. Problem-solving methodologies were systematized during World War II for military logistics.
The scientific method is essentially a formalized problem-solving framework, but many breakthrough solutions actually come from 'lateral thinking' - approaching problems from unexpected angles. The phrase 'thinking outside the box' literally refers to a classic puzzle where you must draw lines outside a grid of nine dots.
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