To harvest or collect crops, especially grain; or to receive the benefits or consequences of something you've done.
From Old English 'ripan,' related to Germanic languages. The literal agricultural meaning is primary, but the figurative sense of 'reaping what you sow' (receiving consequences) became popular in Christian teaching.
The phrase 'you reap what you sow' comes from ancient farming—if farmers planted good seeds, they'd harvest good crops; bad seeds meant bad harvests. Religious texts loved this metaphor because it's so intuitive, and now it's used worldwide to mean your actions determine your outcomes.
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