Surface water flow that occurs when soil is saturated or impermeable, causing excess water to flow over the land surface toward streams, rivers, or other water bodies. Runoff is a key component of the water cycle.
Compound word from 'run' + 'off,' literally describing water that runs off the land surface. The term became standard in hydrology and soil science in the early 20th century as understanding of watershed processes developed.
Urban runoff carries more than just water – it picks up pollutants, heat, and debris as it flows over pavement and rooftops! Cities like Portland have transformed their approach by creating 'green streets' with bioswales that capture runoff, turning a problem into an opportunity for urban nature.
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