Related to the study of ancient civilizations through examination of material remains like artifacts, buildings, and structures.
From Greek 'arkhaios' (ancient) + 'logia' (study of). The discipline formalized in the 19th century, though artifact collection dates back millennia.
Archaeology transformed from Victorian gentlemen looting artifacts into a rigorous science when radiocarbon dating was invented in 1949—suddenly every artifact had a birth certificate, revealing that our ancestors were far more sophisticated than previously believed.
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