Plural of artel; multiple Russian cooperative work groups or associations.
The plural form of artel, formed by adding the English -s suffix to the Russian loanword. The form became standardized in English usage as more artels were discussed in academic and historical texts.
When Russian literature and history became popular in 19th-century Europe, scholars debated whether artels proved that cooperative work was more natural to certain cultures—a debate that still echoes in discussions of organizational models today.
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