A non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's biological activity. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the enzyme or temporarily associated during reactions.
From Latin 'co' (together) and 'factor' (maker or doer), literally meaning 'working together,' introduced in the early 20th century as biochemists discovered that many enzymes need helper molecules to function properly.
Cofactors are like the essential tools that enzymes need to do their jobs—imagine trying to cut paper without scissors! Many vitamins we need in our diet actually serve as cofactors, which is why vitamin deficiencies can cause such serious health problems.
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