To do something that goes against a law, rule, or agreement. It can also mean to oppose or deny an idea or decision.
From Late Latin *contravenire* 'to come against, oppose', from *contra* 'against' and *venire* 'to come'. It entered English through French legal language.
Contravene is a very formal, legal-sounding way to say 'break the rules.' Laws, regulations, and treaties are usually what get 'contravened,' not simple school rules. It sounds so polite that you can say something very serious—like breaking international law—without raising your voice.
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