A set of beliefs or teachings that directly opposes or contradicts another established doctrine.
From 'counter-' + 'doctrine' (from Latin 'doctrina', meaning teaching). Religious reformations created counterdoctrines throughout history as challengers to orthodox beliefs.
The Protestant Reformation was literally built on counterdoctrines—Luther, Calvin, and others offered alternative interpretations of Christianity that contradicted Catholic doctrine, showing how powerful new words and ideas can reshape civilization.
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