In a manner involving hard, tedious work; reluctantly and without enthusiasm.
From 'drudging' (adjective) plus the adverb suffix '-ly' (in the manner of). Creates an adverb describing how something is done without enthusiasm.
When someone does something 'drudgingly,' it's not just slow—it's slow with resentment, suggesting they're doing it under obligation rather than choice, which is psychologically distinct!
Adverbial form emphasizes reluctance and unhappiness in labor, a tone historically imposed on narratives of women's work to justify low pay and lack of recognition.
Avoid this term entirely. If describing labor, note conditions and worker agency separately rather than encoding reluctance into the verb.
["with routine efficiency","systematically","with structured focus"]
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