Plural of fane, an archaic or poetic word for a temple or shrine, especially a pagan one.
From Latin fanum meaning 'temple' or 'shrine,' which relates to the root for 'divine' or 'sacred space.' The word entered English through Middle English and Old French, carrying the sense of a holy building.
Poets love 'fanes' because it sounds ancient and mysterious—when you read 'marble fanes' in 19th-century poetry, the writer is trying to transport you to Greece or Rome without saying 'temples,' which feels too modern.
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