The scientific study of the forces, movements, and energy within the Earth that cause earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the movement of continents.
From geo- (Earth) + dynamics (the study of forces and motion), coined in the 19th century as geology matured into a modern science seeking to explain Earth's active processes.
Geodynamics revealed that Earth's interior is like a giant heat engine—hot material rises from the core, cools at the surface, and sinks back down, driving all the action on our supposedly 'stable' planet.
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