A species whose presence, absence, or abundance reflects specific environmental conditions or changes in ecosystem health. These organisms are sensitive to particular environmental factors and serve as early warning systems.
From Latin 'indicare' meaning 'to point out' or 'show.' The ecological concept developed in the early 20th century as scientists recognized that certain species could reveal environmental quality or disturbance.
Lichens are amazing indicator species for air quality—they're so sensitive to pollution that cities once used them as living air quality monitors! Some species only grow in the cleanest air, making them nature's canaries in the coal mine.
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