A serious kidney infection that affects the renal pelvis and kidney tissue, typically caused by bacteria ascending from the bladder. It causes fever, flank pain, and urinary symptoms, requiring prompt antibiotic treatment.
From Greek 'pyelos' meaning 'pelvis' (referring to the renal pelvis), 'nephros' meaning 'kidney,' and '-itis' meaning 'inflammation.' This compound term was established in the 19th century to distinguish upper urinary tract infections from simple bladder infections.
Pyelonephritis can cause permanent kidney scarring, especially in children, which is why any kidney infection is treated aggressively with antibiotics. The classic triad of fever, flank pain, and urinary symptoms helps distinguish it from simple cystitis.
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