having the necessary skills or attributes; officially certified; limited or restricted
from qualify + -ed, from Medieval Latin qualificare
Past participle with dual meaning of competence and limitation
Women historically excluded from professional/educational qualification; standards applied unevenly by gender; 'qualified woman' redundancy signals bias.
Use without gender modifier; ensure qualification standards are gender-neutral and applied consistently.
Women earned the right to professional qualifications through decades of advocacy; acknowledge barriers removed by feminist movements.
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