Relating to the study of skulls and their characteristics, measurements, and significance.
From Greek 'kranion' (skull) + '-logical' (relating to the study of). This adjective form parallels the noun craniology and became common in 19th-century anthropological literature.
Craniological studies were a major obsession of 19th-century anthropologists, producing both real insights into human variation and deeply racist skull hierarchies—making it a uncomfortable reminder of when measurement seemed objective but served bias.
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