A shelter dug into the ground or hillside, or the bench area in baseball where players sit when they're not playing.
From 'dug' (past tense of dig) plus 'out,' literally meaning 'dug out.' Originally described Native American and pioneer shelters carved into earth. Later applied to WWI military trenches and baseball benches.
Dugouts are brilliant examples of reusing the same word for completely different things—from Civil War bunkers to baseball benches—because they all share the idea of being carved-out protective spaces!
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